decagon wp4 manual

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Typically used to analyze soil, soilless substrates, plant material and seeds, it has been used to measure a variety of unusal things, including apples, bricks and insect carapaces. After about 5 minutes, the WP4C will beep and show your final water potential reading. When run in Precise Mode, the WP4C checks to make sure the sample has reached equilibrium before displaying a final reading. Less water absorption in the sample chamber means faster equilibrium. The instrument can be calibrated using saturated salt solutions (mix your own or order single-sample vials of standards on the accessories tab).Once the sample comes into equilibrium with the vapor in the WP4C’s sealed chamber, the instrument finds relative humidity using the chilled mirror method. This method entails chilling a tiny mirror in the chamber until dew just starts to form on it.Some users may be able to make useful measurements in samples wetter than -0.1 MPa using special techniques. For more information, see the WP4C User Manual. Because of this, the WP4C can now resolve temperatures to a thousandth of a degree. To read water potentials in the wet range (0 to -0.1 MPa), we recommend German manufacturer UMS’s fast response tensiometers and HYPROP moisture release curve instrument. Some users may be able to make useful measurements in samples wetter than -0.1 MPa using special techniques. For more information, see the WP4C User Manual. Measurements Use the WP4C to measure water potential in 5 to 10 minutes. Range:Easy Operation Simply place the sample in a round sample cup (4cm in diameter and 1cmAfter about 5 minutes, the WP4C will beepLess water absorption in the sample chamber means faster equilibrium. Finely Tuned Calibration The WP4C sensor is durable and easy to clean. The instrument canNew algorithmsCorey). Learn More How Does it Work.http://chemlubevn.com/upload/fck/cushcraft-10-4cd-manual.xml

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Chilled Mirror Dewpoint Technique The WP4C measures water potential by determining the relative humidityOnce the sample comes into equilibrium with theThis method entails chilling a tinySome users may be able to make usefulFor more information, see the WP4C User Manual. Limits of the Method At high water potentials, theBecause of this, the. WP4C can now resolve temperatures to a thousandth of a degree. To read. The equipment were used in a systematic way to determine the relative humidity of the environment surrounding different compacted clayey soils along drying paths and covering a wide total suction range (0.1 to 70 MPa). The equipment description and the calibration protocols followed are presented, as well as suggestions regarding the improvement of their performance. The water retention curves of two different compacted clayey soils are presented and commented by taking into account the corrections proposed for the readings. A possible explanation for differences in the measurements observed between both instruments in the high suction range is presented in terms of the hydraulic paths undergone by the soils during the measurement period. Key Words total suction transistor psychrometer chilled-mirror dew-point psychrometer calibration water retention curve This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. Preview Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. Unable to display preview. References Boso M, Romero E, Tarantino A (2004) The use of different measurement techniques to determine water retention curves. In: T. Schanz (ed) 93 Springer Proceedings in Physics. Unsaturated Soils: Experimental Studies. Operator’s Manual, Version 2.2. Decagon Devices, Inc., Pullman (www.decagon.com) Google Scholar Dimos A (1991) Measurement of soil suction using transistor psycrometer.http://deungchon.com/~deungchon/upload_dir/ecm/cusatura-ascunsa-manual.xml

PhD thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris Google Scholar Mata C, Romero E, Ledesma A (2002) Hydro-chemical effects on water retention in bentonite-sand mixtures. International Recommendation. The scale of relative humidity of air certified against saturated salt solutions. Grande Imprimerie de Troyes, Troyes, France Google Scholar Romero E (2001) Controlled-suction techniques. In: Gehling WY, Schnaid F (eds) 4th National Brazilian Symposium on Unsaturated Soils. Experimental Evidence and Theoretical Approaches in Unsaturated Soils. Advanced Experimental Unsaturated Soil Mechanics.In: Schanz T. (eds) Experimental Unsaturated Soil Mechanics. Springer Proceedings in Physics, vol 112. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Table of contentContent of delivery. Expression of thanks. Intended use. Guarantee. Important noteSensor unit. Main body. Pressure transducers. Tensiometers. Temperature sensor. Plug connector. Sampling ringImportant cautionsMeasuring campaign window. Configure the campaign. Perform the measurement. Single unit mode and multiplex device mode. Start of a measuring campaign. Constant starting conditions. Start a spontaneou measurement. Current status of the measurement. Multiplex devices mode. Interrupt a measuring campaign. Description of an ideal measured curve. Conclusion of a measurement. Remove the soil sample. Dry weightCheck the Zero point. Check the Response. Calibration. Check the Offset. Cleaning. Storage. Change the O-ring on the HYPROP sensor unitElectrical installations must comply with the safety and EMCPlease note that any damages caused by users are not covered byTensiometers are instruments for measuring the soil water tension,Please be aware of the following warnings. High pressure: The maximum non destructive pressure is. Higher pressure, which might occurCeramic cup: Do not touch the cup with your fingers.

Grease,Freezing: Tensiometers are filled with water and therefore areProtect Tensiometers from freezing at anyDo not use a sharp tool for cleaning the threads in the sensor unit. Just rinse it with pure water from a spray bottle. HYPROP systemThe delivery includes two bags and the package incl EG2200 Scale. Bag 1: (black lock, similar for each HYPROP-E) is consisting ofBag 2 (white lock): service kit, which includes (Figure 1-2). Bottle of deionised water (1). Syringes incl: 2 reservoir syringes (2), - 2 vacuum syringes (withTensiometer auger (7) and auger adapter (11). USB- converter (10)Dr. Uwe Schindler was able to considerably simplify the evaporationThe results of surveys of more than 2000List of referring publications:BodenStechzylinderproben. Arch. Acker- u. Pflanzenbau u. Bodenkd. Berlin 24, 1, 1-7. Schindler, U.; Bohne, K. and R. Sauerbrey (1985): ComparisonBodenkd., 148, 607-617. Nordostdeutschland. Fachbeitrag des Landesumweltamtes. H.87. Bodenschutz 2. Landesumweltamt Brandenburg. Potsdam.Nutrition and Soil Science. 169 (5). 169.623-629. Mr. Andre Peters, in his dissertation at the Institute for Geoecology ofWolfgang Durner, has scientifically examined the theoreticalThe thesis is documented in following publications:Journal of Hydrology,HYPROP systemVerdunstungsverfahrens zur Bestimmung bodenhydraulischer. Eigenschaften, Mitteilungen der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen. Gesellschaft, im Druck.Water. Resource. Res.,Braunschweig.BestimmungRetentionsfunktionMitteilungenDeutschen. Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft. 107, 83-84.Verdunstungsverfahrens zur Bestimmung bodenhydraulischer. Eigenschaften, Tagung der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen. Gesellschaft. Dresden,The technical and scientific high-lights of the HYPROP system areThe intended use of the HYPROP system is the measurement andHYPROP systemUMS gives a guarantee of 12 months against defects in manufactureThe guarantee includes replacement or repair and packing butPlease contact UMS or ourPlace of fulfillment is.

Munich, Gmunder Str. 37, Germany! HYPROP systemThis Manual describes the hardware functions, the set-up, how toHYPROP-FIT Software (see attached link below). New release of the data evaluation andDownload Software. The new software for evaluation of HYPROP measurementsProduct descriptionSystem components. A measuring system can include one or several HYPROPIn intervals each sensor unit with sampling ring is weighed on aMain body. The electronic components and pressure transducers areThe sensor unit isFig 2: HYPROPFigure 3-1. Product description. Sampling ring. Silicone gasket. Tensiometer shaftO-Ring, preventsTensiometer shaftO-Ring, seals. Screw-in thread for theTemperature sensor. Fastener clip. Sensor unit. Fig. FigureThe internal pressure transducers measure the soil water tension inProduct descriptionTensiometers measure the soil water tension or the matric potential.With properIf the soil gets too dry the. Tensiometer needs to be refilled (see chapter “Refilling”). The soil water tension is conducted via the porous ceramicThe Tensiometer shafts are screwed into the transducerStandard sampling rings can. Fig 3-3 easily be placed on the sensor unit so the TensiometerThe Tensiometer shafts are one of the most sensitive parts of theTo transfer the soil water tension as a negative pressure into the. Tensiometer, a semi-permeable diaphragm is required. This mustThe Tensiometer tip consists of porous ceramic Al2O3 sinteredThe bubble point of a Tensiometer ceramic is about 800 kPa. If theWith these characteristics this material has outstanding suitability toBe aware that the ceramic will dry out when it is exposed to airProduct descriptionA temperature probe sits inside the small stainless steel pin on theThe bus cable is connected to the plug on the side of the sensor unit. As the plug is taken on and offA simple-to-open spring-loaded coverFigure 3-4. Dirt water inside the plug opening will destroy the functionality ofDo not twist the plug.

Make sure that the cover is closed tightly before cleaning.A soil sample is taken with a stainless-steel sampling ring which hasA silicone gasket completely sealsFig. 6: tensioVIEW. With tensioLINKUSBtensioLINKTheFigure 3-5. Additional functions are integrated in tensioVIEW for optimizedIf a laboratory scale with serial RS232 or USB interface is usedGet ready to start a measuring campaignThe following tools are required to prepare a HYPROP unit before aPerforated saturation bowl. A dish or bowl with minimum rim height 7 cm. Mesh fabric, 15 cm x 15 cm. Auger positioning tool. HYPROP auger. Service case for Tensiometer refilling. Figure 4-1. Get ready to start a measuring campaignSoil Sampling. Samples should be as fresh as possible. Please follow the guidelinesFollowing a short instruction forDr. W. Durner. Uncover the preferred soil level. This can be either vertical orFigure 4-2. Carefully excavate the ring withIn general aWeights of the sampling rings might vary. Therefore, it is essentialRemove the protective cap from the upper side of the sample (theAttachTurn around the sample andFill the dish with water andFigure 4-3. Get ready to start a measuring campaign. The water level should bePlease place the sampleThe cutting edge showsAfter 4-6 h fill new waterFigure 4-4. Important note: Slightly lift up and tilt the sampling ring withThe duration until the sample is saturated and all air is removed willWhen saturated, the sample surface willClayey soil will need the longest (severalGet ready to start a measuring campaignImportant cautions. Caution: The Hyprop uses highly sensitive pressure transducers. ImproperRead the chapter about refilling in this manual first. Be extremely cautious whenTensiometer cups. TheScrew in the shaft slowly,Read the complete chapterGet ready to start a measuring campaign.

Be cautious when pulling offAn abrupt negative pressureDo not pull off the tubeBe cautious when tappingDo not knock the sensorAfter finishing the degassingGet ready to start a measuring campaign. Before starting and after every completed measuring campaign (theWe recommendIf the measurement is stoppedTwo spare Teniometer cups are supplied. Always keep them moist,Keep the ceramic moist when not in use by covering them with theCeramic tip: Do not touch the tip with your fingers. Grease, sweatThe used Vacuum pump should be able to evacuate 2 kPa closedGet ready to start a measuring campaignThis chapter describes the refilling using a vacuum pump andThe procedure requires 4 steps, which will be discussed in detailDegas ceramic cup and shaft. Degas the sensor unit. Reassemble. Check the resultIf the tip is completely dry just put the empty shaft in a beaker withHYPROP shafts shouldKeep parts clean so thereFigure 4-5. Refilling with a Vacuum pump. Connect rubber tubes to the shafts. Connect the tubes to a vacuumStart the pump and evacuate the system for at least 30 minutes andThe vacuum drops down slowly, airRepeat this procedureWhen water (circa 10 ml) was drawnFigure 4-6. Manually Refilling (incl. delivery). Alternatively, take the reservoir syringe, fill it with completelyNow, the water from the reservoirWhen approximately 10 ml are flushed through the ceramic the. HYPROP shaft is filled. Figure 4-7Now plug the end of the tube with your finger andUnblock the tube and pushGet ready to start a measuring campaignAvoid that the plug connector gets in contact with water. Take care that the piston never recoils abruptly as this mightPlease note: new vent cock assembled to the acrylic attachement ofFigure 4-4 vent cock vertically: closed to ambient air. Figure 4-5 vent cock horizontally: open to ambient air, ventilation ofFigure 4-8. Figure 4-9. Please fill the two threadsFigure 4-10Figure 4-11. Filling with vacuum pump.

Place the acrylic sensor head attachment onto the sensor head. TheFill up the acrylicIt is important to know that the vacuum is not applied abruptly. ThisManually Refilling. Take the syringe that belongs to the sensor unit attachment. Draw upDegas the water as describedPlace the acrylic sensor headFill up theFill the tube with water. Attach the tube, the vacuumDraw the syringe up until theFigure 4-12The water now is being degassed.). We recommend controlling the quality of the vacuum by observingGet ready to start a measuring campaignWhen screwing in the Tensiometer shaft into the thread of theThe pressure sensor diaphragm is inside the small hole (ca. 2It is very sensitive and mustNo contamination should get on sealing and gasket. Please connect the HYPROP cable and the USB cable to thePush the silicone cap (or tube) over the shafts to protect the ceramic,Add a drop of water on top of theEach hole on the sensor unit isFigure 4-13. Carefully screw the shaft into theOn the sensor unit push an O-ringRepeat the same procedure withFigure 4-15. Get ready to start a measuring campaignPlease start again the refilling window. To check the Zero point, please put a droplet of water onto the. Wrap a dry paper towel around one ceramic tip to create aNow create airflow around theThe reading shouldIf this is the case, the. Tensiometer is filled correctly. Do the same with the second tip. To find out the maximum measuring range of the Tensiometers takeHold the ceramic close to the water surface so the tension readingGet ready to start a measuring campaignTake the saturated soil sample out of the saturation dish. Place theInsert the auger into each openingDrill as far asThen, you will have 2 holes in theWith a pen make a mark on the sideThen you know the correct positionFigure 4-16. To avoid that air will be pressedThe sample now is ready forWipe off the ring surface afterFigure 4-17. Watch your mark.

The long shaft must be inserted into the deeperIf the soil sample swelled up during saturation the overlapping soilGet ready to start a measuring campaign. Remove the protetion tube from the ceramic tip. Place the siliconeTurn the sensor unit up side downTensiometer shafts into the drilledNow turn the assembly and removeFigure 4-18. Figure 4-19. Figure 4-20. Set-up the HYPROPIn the next step please place the sensor head on the tared scale andFigure 5-1The next step is to connect the components with tensioLINK. Up to 20 sensor units can be linked to a PC at the same time withAbove (Figure 5-1) the sensor unit is directly connected to the PCThe internal power supply of the. USB-converter is capable of powering a single sensor unit. (pleaseSet-up the HYPROP. Figure 5-2. In the multi device mode connect each sensor unit to a T-piece plugSensor units can be connected inFinally connect the main power supply unit to the plug of the last Tpiece plug and the HYPROP USB converter to a free USB port onAs soon as 2 or more sensor unitsTherefore, theSet-up the HYPROP. In the single device mode the HYPROP assembly remains on theTherefore, it isA proper stabilization for the. USB-cable is required. Even smallest movements of the cable canFigure 5-3. Set-up the HYPROPA laboratory scale with interface is required. If the type of scale is notSupported scales. Kern EG2200 (recommended). Kern EW3000. Kern 572Mettler Toledo PM2000. COBOS COBOS-CB Complet. If the scale has a serial RS232 interface connect it to a free COMport on your PC. You can use a RS232-USB-converter if no COMport is available on your PC. Please carefully follow the instructionsFigure 5-4. Set-up the HYPROP. Please note the following requirements for the operation of the scaleMost scales have a bubble-level.A periodical recalibration is recommended. Use a standard weight of accuracy class M1. Please read andThe gravity mainly depends on the latitudeTo avoid errors the HYPROP cable must be fixed. Mount the.

HYPROP sensor cable as shown in the picture below. Clip theThe cable should be put on the scaleFigure 5-5. Figure 5-6. Cable length between plug and upper cable clip should be about 15Cable length of the loop between both cable clips should be about 20Application Note) to fix the cable. It is free of charge. Set-up the HYPROPAfter starting tensioVIEW the display is more or less blank, mostIf one or more sensors are connected via the USB-converterThis mode is not functional if moreIf two or more devices have an identical address, none of them willAll devices found will be displayed in the left section in a directorySet-up the HYPROP. Double-click on the device. Figure 5-7Detected devices will be displayed with their programmed names. Double-click on the name to open a menu window where allThe first shows anGives an overview about the sensor head’s basic properties and isSet-up the HYPROP. Depending on the authorization status, only parameters that can beConfiguration changes are effective immediately. Figure 5-8. Set-up the HYPROPThose settings which are editable only for Power users are marked. Parameters with related functions are bundled in one folder.Bus numberSub addressExplanation:The reason for this is that is thereIn this case, theFurthermore, the sub address could be used to combine groups ofIn general the required identification for a device is always the busThe allowed numbers for the bus address areThe default value for both bus and sub address is 0. With more thanDevice Info. Name. Individually editable name of the Tensiometer in ASCII. MaximumMeasure head net weightTensiometer shafts andThe software needs to beSet-up the HYPROP. Soil volume. Volume of the soil sample in the sampling ring excluding the. Tensiometer shafts’ volume. Soil column height. Height of the soil column in mm (height of sampling ring). Depth lower tens. Protruding length of the lower shaft. Depth upper tens. Protruding length of the upper shaft. Data logger.

IntervalOverwrite old values. Sensor measuring. Continuous measuring. Activate the quick updating of readings to receive the HYPROPMeasurements are taken in intervals of 50 ms. Note the rise in powerMeasuring interval. This is the standard interval in which sensor measurements areEnable filter. Activate the anti-flicker-filter. This avoids that the digit continuouslySet-up the HYPROPThis function is required when the HYPROP sensor head needs toWhen the Tensiometer shafts are screwed back into the sensorPlease read the chapterFigure 5-9. Set-up the HYPROPIn this window you can display current values of the Tension BottomInterval.In this window you can download stored readings and delete storedSet-up the HYPROPBefore you can start a measuring campaign the scale needs to beOnly scalesThere are two ways to add a new scale:Figure 5-10Figure 6-2. Perform a measuring campaignOpen the measuring campaign window to configure the system. Enter file name and directory where you want to store the measuringUnder enter the starting time of the campaignHigher frequency means: aIn the units menu select the units for tension, conductivity and matricIn the window the device name and serial number isSoil sampling ring weight (default 201g), and sample name need toPerform a measuring campaignSingle unit mode and multiplex device mode. In general there are two modes, the single unit mode and theThe following table shows the differences. Single unit mode. SymbolMeasuring timeStart of a measuring campaignWhen you set the start line there must be constant startingPerform a measuring campaignIn the function window you can optionally click on toIn the left upper window (”Current status“) the current readings areAnytime you can stop the campaign, change the interval or restartThe upper graph shows theThe readings are displayed in a table on the right side of the graphs.

Perform a measuring campaignSet up the parameters as described inIn the single device mode only one measuringStart the measuring campaign and do a zero set as described inFigure 6-3. Perform a measuring campaign. Figure 6-4Connect all devices with tensioLINK to the HYPROP mainEnter an interval for the Tensiometer measurements, for example 10The interval for weighing can be different than the one for tensionFor less cohesive soils (sandy soil) 1At the end of each interval you are asked to measure the samples. To do so unplug the LEMO plug from the sensor unit. The system. Perform a measuring campaignA new menu opens on the screen showing information about theFollow the given instructions (fig. 49). Figure 6-5A measurement can be interrupted temporarily as the readings arePerform a measuring campaignEach measurement proceeds in 3 phases (provided that. Tensiometers and sensor unit have an excellent filling). Phase 1: Boiling retardation. The Tensiometer readings rise without flattening into the range ofPhase 2: Consolidation. Water vapor accumulates. The Tensiometer reading abruptly dropsPhase 3: Air entry. The Tensiometer reading abruptly drops to 0 kPa as air enters thePhase 1Figure 6-6: the different phases of the upper Tensiometer (left curve). Perform a measuring campaignA measurement campaign can be concluded if the 1st TensiometerPhase 1 (dash and dot line in Figure 6-7). Ab hier AbbruchIf the 1st Tensiometer (T1) drops to 0 kPa (air entry) and the 2nd. Tensiometer is still in Phase 2 no averaging is possible. In this caseAb hier AbbruchIf an extraordinary error occurs the measurement can be stoppedExemplary measurements for various soils are shown in thePerform a measuring campaignGently pull on the soil sampling ring toFigure 6-9. If the soil is too dry and if it is not possible to dismantle the HYPROPPerform a measuring campaignIt is more easy to take a brush (see pictures below). Figure 6-10. AbbildungFigure 6-11Perform a measuring campaignFigure 6-12.

Please unscrew the both HYPROP shafts only when the sensorPerform a measuring campaignEmpty the soil sample into a bowl with known weight. Dry it in a. Figure 6-13EvaluationEvaluate a measurement with the HYPROP-FIT software. To execute the evaluation in the correct order proceed. All options of the software as well as background information aboutTrouble shootingProblemPossible cause and solution. If the tip is completely dry just putCould depend on the soil type:The Tensiometer is not sufficientlyThe shaft was not properly screwedReassemble theThis is no error but a particularTensiometer. Due to boilingPlease check fig. 51 for this effect.Check the USB connections. In the power management menu ofThe Tensiometer was notTrouble shootingTensiometer surpasses the upperThis is caused by inaccuracy of theEventually set the starting point to aDisconnect all sensor units. ConnectService and maintenanceCheck the HYPROPConnect the sensor unit with adapter cable and USB-converter toSelect the sensor unit you want to check.If the tips are moist both readings. If you have not done the zero setWrap a dry paper towel around one ceramic tip to create aNow create an air current aroundThe readingIf this is the case, the. If not, the Tensiometers needs to beDo the same with the second tip. Service and maintenanceWhen delivered the HYPROP transducers (Tensiometers) areTherefore, we recommend to check the. HYPROP sensor unit once a year and re-calibrate them every twoReturn the HYPROP sensor unit to UMS for recalibration IfScrew off the Tensiometer shafts. Carefully blow out remaining waterConnect the sensor unit to tensioVIEW andWait until the readings are stable. The readings should be betweenThe sensor unit is rated IP65 and can be cleaned under runningClean ceramic and shaft only with a moist towel. If the ceramic is. If the pores are clogged with clay particles saturate the ceramic andIf the HYPROP should not be used for a year or more empty shaftStore both in a dry place.

Service and maintenanceAfter many refilling procedures, but also if the O-ring is squeezed tooYou will notice this if the Tensiometer does not reach the boilingService and maintenance. For replacing the O-ring a pair of fine pointed tweezers is required. CAUTION: Do not insert the tip into the boring as you might punchHow to proceed. Pierce into the O-ring to pick itSpare O-rings can be find in theGrab the replacement O-ring,If the ring does not slip into theTheoretical basicsIn a soil sampling ring two Tensiometers, comparable to the T5The middle betweenThe sample is saturated, closed on the bottom and placed on aA measuring campaign will last until one of the Tensiometers runsThen, the remainingAt different points of time t the water tensions h1 and h2 (in hPa) ofThe initial water content is determined from the total loss of water (i.The average water contentFor the calculation of the conductivity function it is assumed thatTheoretical basicsThe data for the hydraulic conductivity function are determined byK i (h i )K i as the related hydraulic conductivity (inUnreliable K (h) data sets close to saturation are filtered dependingTo get a sufficient number of data points for the hydraulic functionOn this basis relativelyNormally hydraulic characteristics are described by parametricWith HYPROP three models can be chosen. These models can beTheoretical basics. With this model the effective saturation S eK ( h). K s (1 ( h ) n ). Here the residual water contentK s are fitted to get the conductivity function.This model suggested by Durner (1994) describes the retention andThe j are indexes for the parameters of each van GenuchtenS e ( h). K ( h)Ks. KsThe (h) - and K (h) functions are adapted simultaneously to theThe adaption is accomplished by a non-linear regression underHowever, the assumptionTherefore, the soFor details ofDurner (2007, 2008). Please find a reference list in the appendix! Additional notesExtended measuring range.

The extent of the measuring range of a Tensiometer is influenced byThe bubble point of a porous, hydrophilic structure is specified by theThe cups used for UMS. Tensiometers have a bubble point far beyond the measuring rangeAtmospheric pressures announced by meteorological services areThus, the true pressure in a height of 500If the soil gets drier than the maximum possible measuring range theAir enters the cupAdditional notes. True pressure in heights over sea level at an atmosphericHeight over sea. Atmospheric. Max. measuringWater needs a nucleation site to boil. As our Tensiometers haveSome Tensiometer cups can go down to -250 kPa before they runFor HYPROP measurements this means that a measuring campaignIt is possible to get further information from the known bubble pointThe moment the tension. Therefore, it is recommendable to continue with theSchindler, JPNSS, The evaporation method - ExtendedAdditional notes. If the temperature of a soil with a constant water content rises fromTemperature. PressureAppendixFollowing typical curves were kindly provided by Prof. Dr. Wolfgang. Durner.Ls3 (S 35%, U 48%, T 17%). Appendix. Description of the measuring process. The measurement process is typical of a clay with wide pore sizeThe water tensions rise almost two days continuously, but at aAfter two days the tensiometers are now moving with a greaterThis points outThe spreading of tension values is moderate, which indicates aThe measurement is completed by the (almost too early) failureAt the time the sampleAppendix. Evaluation (with HYPROP FIT). The relatively uniform decrease in the water content withThe addition of the data point on the bubble point of the ceramicAs a model to describe the data a bimodal function is needed. AppendixDescription of the measuring process. The measurement process is typical of a very fine grainedThe water tensions rise spontaneously immediately after theThis reflects aThe loss ofFrom 100 hPa (pF 2.